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2S1
2S1 "Gvozdika"
Type	Self-propelled artillery
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Specifications
Weight	16 tons (35,273 lbs)
Length	7.26 m (25 ft)
Width	2.85 m (9.35 ft)
Height	2.73 m (9 ft)
Crew	4
Armor	20 mm (.78 in)
Primary armament	2A18 122 mm (4.8 in) howitzer
Secondary armament	none
Engine	YaMZ-238N diesel 220 kW (300 hp)
Operational range	500 km (310 mi)
Speed	60 km/h (37 mph) (road) 30 km/h (18 mph) (off-road)

The 2S1 Gvozdika (Russian: 2С1 «Гвоздика»; English: carnation) is a Soviet 122-mm self-propelled howitzer that resembles the PT-76 but is essentially a version of the MT-LB APC. "2S1" is its GRAU designation. Alternative Russian designation is SAU-122 but in the Russian Army it is commonly known as Gvozdika ("Carnation"). The 2S1 is fully amphibious with very little preparation, and once afloat is propelled by its tracks. It is NBC protected and has infra-red night-vision capability.

[edit] Production history

The first prototype was ready in 1969. The S21 entered service with the Soviet Army in the early 1970s and was first seen in public at a Polish Army parade in 1974. The vehicle was deployed in large numbers (72 per tank division, 36 per motorized rifle division). Designated the M1974 by the US Army. Manufactured in Bulgarian, Polish and Russian state factories.

[edit] Variants

[edit] former Soviet Union

• MT-LBu - Bigger variant of the MT-LB, has the longer chassis and stronger engine of the 2S1.
• UR-77 "Meteorit" (ustanovka razminirovaniya) - mine clearing vehicle with turret-like superstructure for two launch ramps. These are used to fire mine clearance hoses UZP-77 with rockets into a mine field after which the hoses are command detonated. This way, an area of 90 by 6 m can be cleared. The UR-77 is the successor for the BTR-50 based UR-67.
• RKhM "Kashalot" (razvedivatel’naya khimicheskaya mashina) - chemical reconnaissance vehicle with detection, marking and alarm devices. This model has the hull shape and single rear of the 2S1 but the short chassis and machine gun turret of the MT-LB. Former Western designator: ATV M1979/4.
  • RKhM-K - command version with additional signal equipment but without sensors or markers.

[edit] Poland

• 2S1M - upgrade with amphibious kit.

[edit] Romania

• Model 89 - Romanian variant that uses a modified version of the hull of the MLI-84.

[edit] Iran

• Raad-1 (thunder) - Iranian variant that is based on the hull of the Boragh APC.

[edit] Bulgaria

• BMP-23 (bojna mashina na pekhotata) - infantry fighting vehicle with 23mm gun 2A14 and ATGM 9K11 "Malyutka" in a 2-man turret. The chassis is based on the one from the MT-LB but with components of the 2S1 and fitted with a 315hp engine.
  • BMP-23D - improved version with 9K111 "Fagot" and smoke grenade launchers.
  • BRM-23 - reconnaissance version. Prototype.
• BMP-30 - similar chassis as the BMP-23 but with the complete turret of the Soviet-made BMP-2. Only 10 were built.

[edit] Sudan

• Abu Fatma - this appears to be a licence version.

[edit] Operators

A disguised Finnish 2S1 self-propelled howitzer.

Croatian Ground Army Gvozdika

Polish Land Forces "Gvozdika" in artillery range

•  Algeria - 145
•  Angola
•  Armenia - 10
•  Azerbaijan - 15
•  Bosnia and Herzegovina - 5
•  Belarus - 246 ^[1]
•  Bulgaria - ~200
•  Cuba
•  Croatia - 9
•  Eritrea - 20 ^[2]
•  Ethiopia
•  Finland - 72 (known as 122 PsH 74)
•  Georgia - 85
•  Hungary - 153
•  Iran
•  Iraq
•  Kazakhstan - 10
•  Libya
•  Poland - 533
•  Romania - 48
•  Russia - 1,725 ^[3]
• South Ossetia
•  Serbia - 72
•  Slovenia - 8 reserve status
•  Slovakia - 49
•  Syria - 400
•  Ukraine - 638 ^[4]
•  Uruguay - 12
•  Uzbekistan
•  Vietnam
•  Yemen
•  Zimbabwe - 12

[edit] Former Operators

An Iraqi M-1974 122mm self-propelled howitzer lies stranded in the desert after being deserted by Iraqi forces during Operation Desert Storm.

Serbian 2S1 SPH captured by HVO during Bosnian War.

•  Czech Republic - Phased out in early 2000s.
•  Czechoslovakia - Passed on to successor states.
•  Yugoslavia - Passed on to successor states.
•  Soviet Union - Passed on to successor states.
•  Yugoslavia - Passed on to successor states.

[edit] Combat history

• Chechnya (Russia) - Second Chechen War (1999 to 2000)
• Iraq - First Gulf War, Second Gulf War
• Yugoslavia - Yugoslav Wars
• (Yugoslavia) - Kosovo War
• 2008 South Ossetia war

[edit] See also

• List of artillery
• List of AFVs

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 2S1 Gvozdika

• FAS.org
• Armscontrol.ru
• Huta Stalowa Wola - Polish manufacturer
• Arsenal Co. - Bulgarian manufacturer of 2A31(2S1)