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Filipino people
From left to right: An Ayta man, President Corazon Aquino, Bagobo chieftain Datu Attos, Muslim women's rights activist Yasmin Busran-Lao, President Sergio Osmeña, and actor Cesar Montano.
Total population
Philippines      91,077,287 (2007) [1]
Regions with significant populations
Significant overseas populations Note: No data available on number of Filipino descendants in Southeast Asia-Pacific, Latin America, China and Spain (approximation for Mexico)  United States 4,000,000 (2007) [USA]  Saudi Arabia 2,000,000 (2008) [SAU]  Malaysia 404,966 (2004) [2]  Canada 327,550 (2003) [CAN]  Japan 300,000 (2004) [JPN]  UAE 250,000 (2003) [ARE]  United Kingdom 200,000 (2007) [3]  Taiwan 158,116 (2003) [TWN]  Italy 200,000 [ITA]  Singapore 156,466 (2007) [2]  Hong Kong 130,810 (2005) [HKG]  Australia 129,400 (2007) [AUS]  Kuwait 91,789 (2004) [2]  Ireland 3,900 (2005) [IRL]  Indonesia 68,000 (2005) [citation needed]  Qatar 58,358 (2004) [2]  Germany 55,628 (2004) [2]  Guam 45,600 (2007) [GWM]  South Korea 41,000 (2004) [ROK]  Israel 37,155-50,000(2004) [2][4][5]  Bahrain 36,718 (2004) [2]  France 32,085 (2004) [2]  Lebanon 30,000 (2006) [LBN]  Austria 25,973 (2004) [2]  Spain 25,292 (2004) [2]  Greece 25,146 (2004) [2]  Macau 18,447 (2004) [2]  New Zealand 16,938 (2006) [NZL]  Sweden 5,186 (2004) [6]  Norway 9,482 (2007) [7]
Languages
Filipino/Tagalog, Bikol, Cebuano, English, Hiligaynon, Ilokano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Tausug, Waray-Waray, Spanish, and over 100 others
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic Various smaller Christian denominations Significant Muslim minority, Buddhist, others
Related ethnic groups
Taiwanese aborigines, Cham, Dayak, Indonesians, Malays, Chamorro, other Austronesians, Bisaya (not to be confused with Filipino Visayans)

Filipinos or the Filipino people (feminine: Filipina) are citizens of the Philippines, an archipelago in Southeast Asia.^[8] The terms may also refer to people of Philippine descent, regardless of citizenship. There are now over 100 million ethnic Filipinos worldwide.

Colloquially, Filipinos may refer to themselves as Pinoy (feminine: Pinay), which is formed by taking the last four letters of Pilipino and adding the diminutive suffix -y.^[8]

Filipino-Americans have a long, storied history in the United States. Some of the first Asians in California, to those rising up in U.S. politics, Filipino Americans have had an influence on the United States. Farm worker's strikes, fights against oppressive legislation, and memorable community leaders have all shaped and will continue to shape the country.

Many Philippine languages lack /f/ as a phoneme. In these, /p/ is substituted and Filipino is denoted Pilipino.

[edit] Ancestry

[edit] Ancient to Pre-colonial Filipinos

The earliest human remains known in the Philippines are the fossilized fragments of a skull and jawbone of three individuals, discovered on May 28, 1962 by Dr. Robert B. Fox, an American anthropologist of the National Museum.[4]

Physical anthropologists who have examined the Tabon Man skullcap are agreed that it belonged to modern man, homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-Pleistocene homo erectus species. This indicates that Tabon Man was Pre-Mongoloid (Mongoloid being the term anthropologists apply to the racial stock which entered Southeast Asia during the Holocene and absorbed earlier peoples to produce the modern Malay, Indonesian, Filipino, and "Pacific" peoples). Two experts have given the opinion that the mandible is "Australian" in physical type, and that the skullcap measurements are most nearly like the Ainus or Tasmanians. Nothing can be concluded about Tabon man's physical appearance from the recovered skull fragments except that he was not a Negrito.[6]

About 30,000 years ago, the Negritos, who became the ancestors of today's Aetas, or Aboriginal Filipinos, descended from more northerly abodes in Central Asia passing through the Indian Subcontinent and reaching the Andamanese Islands.

About 3000 BC, a loose confederation of peoples known as 'Nesiots', from what today is Indonesia, came to the Philippines. They were to become the ancestors of the present-day Luzon and Mindanao hill tribes. There were two waves of successive Nesiot immigration. The first wave saw a people who have light complexions, aquiline noses, thin lips, and deep-set eyes. The second wave of migration were shorter and heavier in physique, having darker complexion, thick lips, large noses, and heavy jaws.

Starting 4000-2000 BC[7] Austronesian groups descended from Yunnan Plateau in China and settled in what is now the Philippines by sailing using balangays or by traversing land bridges coming from Taiwan. Most of these Austronesians primarily used the Philippines as a pit-stop to the outlying Pacific islands or to the Indonesian archipelago further south. Those who were left behind became the ancestors of the present-day Filipinos. Anthropologist F. Landa Jocano of the University of the Philippines contends that what fossil evidence of ancient men show is that they not only migrated to the Philippines, but also to New Guinea, Borneo, and Australia. Jocano further believes that the present indigenous Filipinos are products of the long process of evolution and movement of people. This not only holds true for Filipinos, but for the Indonesians and the Malays of Malaysia, as well. No group among the three is culturally or racially dominant. Currently, These "Malay-Polynesians" comprise around 60-80% of the nation's racial stock & genepool. All of which has already inter blended with the past & future races that settled in the country except for a few tribes isolated by time & geographical barriers.

A 16th century Tagalog couple (transcribed as Tagales) of the Maginoo caste, as depicted in the Boxer Codex.

Since at least the 3rd century, the indigenous peoples were in contact with other Southeast Asian and East Asian nations. Inter-racial marriage has always been a common practice by the indigenous Filipinos. Fragmented ethnic groups established numerous city-states formed by the assimilation of several small political units. Even scattered barangays, through the development of inter-island and international trade, became more culturally and geneticaly homogeneous by the 4th century. Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion flourished among the noblemen in this era. Many of the barangay were, to varying extents, under the de-jure jurisprudence of one of several neighboring empires, among them the Malay Sri Vijaya, Javanese Majapahit, Brunei, Melaka empires, Vietnamese Champa, although de-facto had established their own independent system of rule. Trading links with Sumatra, Borneo, Thailand, Vietnam, Java, China, India, Arabia, Japan and the Ryukyu Kingdom flourished during this era. A thalassocracy had thus emerged based on international trade created the early mixed racial ancestry of pre-colonial filipinos. Nowadays, Majority of Filipinos also share genes with those of Indian, Arabs, Japanese, Okinawan, southern Chinese & other South East Asians.

The Visayan Islands, particularly Cebu had earlier encounter with the Greek traders who intermarried with the locals in 21 AD. The country has a tiny Greek population consisting of no more than ten families in Metro Manila and a slightly larger community in Legazpi, the latter being descended from Greek sailors who settled in the city around a century ago.

Indian presence in the Philippines has been ongoing since prehistoric times along with the Chinese and Japanese, predating even the coming of the Europeans by at least 7 centuries. Indians, together with the natives of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, traded with natives and introduced and passed Hinduism and Buddhism to the natives of the Philippines. Most of them stayed in the Philippines where they were slowly absorbed to native society. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the first Philippine document dated to 900 AD, shows extensive Hindu-Buddhist influence in the social structure and names of Filipinos of this period.

In 1380, Karim ul' Makhdum, the first Islamic missionary to reach the Sulu Archipelago and Jolo, brought Islam to what is now the Philippines. Subsequent visits of Arab Muslim missionaries strengthened the Islamic faith in the Philippines, concentrating in the south and reaching as far north as Manila. Starting with the conquest of Malaysia by the Portuguese and Indonesia by the Dutch, the Philippines began to receive a number of Malaysian-Arab refugees including several Malaysian princes and displaced court advisors. Vast sultanates were established, comprised of the Sultanate of Maguindanao and the Sultanate of Sulu. Since the first people who established themselves as Sultans in various parts of the Malay Archipelago—Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei and the Philippines—were usually of Arab descent, most people of royal lineage claim Arab descent, some going as far as claiming descent from the Prophet Muhammad himself.

[edit] Spanish colonization

A Tagalog Filipino Spanish mestizo in her wedding attire.

The Spanish conquest between 1521 to 1565, prompted the colonization of the Philippine Islands that lasted for more than 377 years. As with most of the Spanish colonies, marriage to indigenous Filipino women and Spanish men was encouraged. The offspring of Spanish men and indigenous Filipino women may have adopted the culture of their fathers and grand parents, however only a few mixed race families in the Philippines still speak Spanish among themselves^[9];

In some provinces like, Iloilo, the ruling Spanish government encouraged foreign merchants to trade with the locals but they were not given certain privileges like ownership of land. From this contact and social intercourse between foreign merchants, e.g., Chinese, Indians, and especially with the Spanish colonizers, a new culture eventually came into being. A mestiso class was born from a few intermarriages of the Spaniards and merchants with the Malayo-Polynesian natives.[13] Their descendants, emerged later as the more influential part of the ruling class or the Principalía.[14]

The exact percentage of Filipinos with Spanish ancestry is still unknown. However only those Filipinos who possess a clear mixed-race appearance are considered by most as actual mestizos, although even a native looking Filipino, including those with fairer skin, could also have some Spanish ancestry. In the same way, mestizos who are less Spanish looking and possess darker-complexioned skin could be considered more as a "native Filipino" than as an actual mestizo.

The Philippine Statistics Department does not account for the racial background or ancestry of an indivdual. The number of Filipino mestizos that reside outside the Philippines is also unknown, because of the social perception that a person has to look a certain way in order to be considered Mestizo, and also because of the historical stigma associated with having Spanish blood from affairs with local women (las queridas), many mestizos may not be considered as such. These factors have urged some Spanish-Filipino mestizos to hide their Spanish ancestry to avoid the social negative stereo-type stigma by the predominantly indigenous population. It was usually only the offspring of recognized marriages between Spaniards, and indigenous Filipino women that were given general recognition as mestizos.

Although there had been a pre-Hispanic interaction with and presence of people from what is today China, the arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines attracted further Chinese traders, and maritime trade flourished during the Spanish colonial period. The Spaniards restricted the activities of the Chinese and confined them to the Parián which was located near Intramuros. With low chances of employment and prohibited from owning land and engaging in agriculture, most of the Chinese residents earned their livelihood as petty traders and skilled artisans serving the colonial authorities.

Many of the Chinese who arrived during the Spanish period were Cantonese, who worked as stevedores and porters, but there were also Fujianese, who entered the retail trade. Deeply distrusted by the Spanish authorities, the Chinese resident in the islands were encouraged to intermarry with indigenous Filipinos, convert to Catholicism and adopt Hispanic surnames and customs. Those who refused were either expelled or massacred. As a consequence, most Chinese immigrants in the Philippines were left with no other choice but to integrate themselves into the colonial society. A few wealthy merchants married Spanish mestizos. The children of unions between indigenous Filipinos and Chinese were called Mestizo de Sangley or Chinese mestizos, while those between Spaniards or Spanish mestizos, and Chinese were called Tornatrás and were classified as white together with the Spanish mestizos and Spanish Filipinos. There were a total of six massacres conducted by the Spaniards against the Chinese, two of which were successful. During the American colonial period, the Chinese Exclusion Act^[10] of the United States was also applied to the Philippines.

According to the Syrian Consulate in Makati, the first Orthodox Christians on the islands were Syrian and Lebanese merchants and sailors, who arrived in Manila after the city was opened to international trade.[1] Many of the Lebanese sailors married local women and their descendants have since become Philippine citizens, including the owners of a famous pizzeria in Manila.[1]

The Japanese population in the Philippines has since included descendants of Japanese Catholics and other Japanese Christians who fled from the religious persecution imposed by the Tokugawa shogunate during the Edo period and settled during the colonial period from the 1600s until the 1800s. A sizeable population settled in Manila, Davao, the Visayas and in the 1600s in Dilao, Paco and Ilocos Norte Province. A statue of daimyo Ukon Takayama, who was exiled to the Philippines in 1614 because he refused to disvow his Christian beliefs, stands a patch of land across the road from the Post Office building in the Paco area of Manila. In the 1600s, the Spaniards referred to the Paco Area as the 'Yellow Plaza' because of the more than 3,000 Japanese who resided there.[2]

Sepoy troops from Chennai of Tamil Nadu, of India also arrived with the British expedition and occupation between 1762 and 1764 during the Seven Years' War. When the British withdrew, many of the Sepoys mutinied and refused to leave. Virtually all had taken Filipina brides (or soon did so). They settled in what is now Cainta, Rizal, just east of Metro Manila.[3] As of 2006, between 70 and 75 percent of Indians in the Philippines lived in Metro Manila, with the largest community outside of Manila beingin Isabela province.[4] The region in and around Cainta still has many Sepoy descendants. Some of them who were born of light skin due to inter-marriage with locals are sometimes mistaken as a spanish mestizo because they have the aquiline nose, round eyes & caucasian body proportion. Majority of these families retained their Indian/Brittish last names (Laksamana, Gallora, Straight etc.).

Spanish-Mexican Mestizo(mixed White & Native American) & Mullato(mixed Black, White & Native American) ancestors also arrived in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. Between 1565, and 1815, many Mexicans, and Spaniards sailed to and from the Philippines as local officials, hacienderos, trades, sailors, crews, prisoners, slaves, adventurers, and soldiers in the Manila-Acapulco Galleon assisting Spain in its trade between Mexico and the Philippines.

[edit] American occupation

After the defeat of Spain during the Spanish-American War in 1898, the Philippine Islands and other remaining Spanish colonies were ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Paris, for 20 million dollars.^[11] Civil government was established by the Americans in 1901, with William Howard Taft as the first American Governor-General of the Philippines. English was declared the official language. Six hundred American teachers were imported aboard the USS Thomas. In order to subdue sporadic uprisings throughout the country, the U.S had to station American Troops on the islands. Many of the American (Caucasian, Black-American & Latino) soldiers stationed on the islands had children with the local women. American culture became one of the dominant influences on the islands, leading to the implementation of the American education system.^[12]

While the Philippines was still classed as a U.S. colony, a condition that changed with the promise of independence and with commonwealth status that accompanied Congress's passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1935, Filipinos were considered resident-aliens of the United States and were thus able to move back and forth without official documentation such as visas. Many male Filipinos then migrated to the continental U.S. and Hawaii to work primarily as agricultural and industrial laborers. Some Filipino migrants subsequently married Americans of all races, producing further Filipino mestizos.

[edit] After World War II

After World War II and the fall of the Chinese mainland to communism, many of the Chinese who opposed communism moved from the Fujian province in China to the Philippines. This group formed the bulk of the current population of Chinese Filipinos.^[13] After the Philippines regained its independence in 1946, those Chinese became naturalized Filipino citizens; the children of these new citizens were born and raised in the Philippines and had Filipino citizenship from birth.^[14]

Many of the Japanese men intermarried with Filipino women (including those of mixed or unmixed Spanish and Chinese descent), thus forming the new Japanese mestizo community. This hybrid group tend to be re-assimilated either into the Filipino or the Japanese communities, and thus no accurate denominations could be established, though their estimates range from 100,000 to 200,000. Many were killed or expelled after World War II. Many Japanese mestizos tended to deny their Japanese heritage and changed their family names in order to avoid discrimination. During the American colonial era, the number of Japanese laborers working in plantations rose so high that in the 1900s, Davao soon became dubbed as a Ko Nippon Koku ("Little Japan" in Japanese) with a Japanese school, a Shinto shrine and a diplomatic mission from Japan. There is even a popular restaurant called "The Japanese Tunnel", which includes an actual tunnel built by the Japanese during World War II.[3]

The recent Japanese Filipinos are descendants of 1980s and 1990s Japanese settlers usually businesspeople, most of whom are men, and (mostly female) locals. Many are children of thousands of overseas Filipino workers, commonly "Japayuki", who went to Japan mostly as entertainers, helpers, and maids. They are in the Philippines also to learn English as it is the third largest English-speaking country. As the Japayuki Filipina mothers return to the Philippines, most take their children along with them.[4] A significant number in the US today are the product of Filipino- and Japanese American intermarriages, mostly in California, Hawaii and other US territories in the Pacific, while others are Filipinos of Japanese ancestry who have migrated to the United States.

In recent times, the first wave of Arabs to arrive to the Philippines were refugees from their war-torn nations, such as Lebanon which was under civil war in the 1980s, and Arab nations involved with the Gulf War in 1991. Other Arabs are entrepreneurs who intend to set-up businesses.

The total number of US citizens living in the Philippines Today is more than 250,000.[1] Only about 22,000, however, are permanent settlers.[citation needed] About 81,000 are non-citizen residents, among such are businessmen, missionaries, and educators.[citation needed] These estimates may actually be lower than in reality.[citation needed]

The Eurasians of the Philippines form a very tightly knit relationship with Amerasians and due to their cultural similarities and common Western world view. Both are considered as overrepresented in the entertainment industry, and are widely held in high esteem due to a generalized colonial mindset among Filipinos. Eurasians are viewed positively in the Philippines, and those with European phenotypes in particular are widely promoted as the standard of beauty. Most of the European introgression among Eurasians in the Philippines are of Spanish origin, while some, to a lesser degree, are of British origin. Meanwhile, contemporary migration and intermarriages between Filipinos (both male and female) with expatriates from Europe, Australia and the United States continue to result in an increasing number of Eurasians, particularly American, Australian, British, Dutch, French, German, Italian and Scandinavian, among others, in addition to the more common Spanish element.

Koreans in the Philippines, largely consisting of expatriates from South Korea, form the largest Korean diaspora community in Southeast Asia and the seventh-largest in the world, after Korean Australians and before Koreans in Vietnam; as of 2007, statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade recorded their population at 86,800 individuals, up by 87% since 2005.[1][3] There are also an estimated 10,000 "Kophinos"— children of mixed Korean and Filipino descent—of whom 90% were born since 2003.[4]

There are no credible sources for the percentage of Philippine mestizos residing in the Philippine at the moment; this is due in part to the lack of government statistical study regarding racial makeup in the Philippines.

Clockwise from Top Left: Jose Rizal, national hero; Manny Paquiao, boxing champion; Fernando Zobel de Ayala President and Chief Operating Officer of Ayala Corporation; Isabel Preysler, model and former television host. Precious Quigaman, 2005 Miss International; Allan Pineda Lindo, member of the Black Eyed Peas; Ferdinand Marcos, 10th President of the Philippines; Imelda Romualdez-Marcos, "Steel Butterfly"; Lea Salonga, multi-awarded singer and actress; Charice Pempengco, international singer. Nur Misuari, MNLF leader.

[edit] Genetic studies

Some genetic studies, based upon very small samples of the population, have begun to provide clues to the origins of Filipino people. Much remains to be learned by larger studies of valid statistical significance about the ancestry of the various Austronesian Philippine ethnic groups.

A Stanford University study conducted during 2001 revealed that Y-chromosome Haplogroup O3-M122 (labeled as "Haplogroup L" in this study) predominates among Filipino males. This particular haplogroup is also predominant among Chinese and Korean males. That finding is consistent with the theory that people migrated from China south into the Philippines. Another haplogroup, Haplogroup O1a-M119 (labeled as "Haplogroup H" in this study), is also found among Filipinos. The rates of Haplogroup O1a are highest among the Taiwanese Aborigines. Overall, the genetic frequencies found among Filipinos point to the Ami tribe of Taiwan as their nearest genetic relative.^[15]

A 2002 China Medical University study indicated that certain Filipinos shared a particular gene marker that is also found among Taiwanese aborigines and concluded that Taiwan aborigines are of Austronesian derivation.^[16]

A 2003 University of the Philippines study based on 50 participants each from the islands of Luzon and Cebu provided some insight into the various places of origin of early Filipinos. Some rare genetic markers were found which are shared by people from the different parts of Central and East Asia, reinforcing their mainland Asian origins. ^[17]

[edit] Languages

This section called "Languages" does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008)

Main article: Languages of the Philippines

According to Ethnologue, there are more than 170 languages spoken in the country. English and Filipino are the official languages, with "Taglish" (a portmanteau of Tagalog and English) as a lingua franca, and many other major regional languages also serve as working languages where English or Filipino is not as entrenched. Ilokano, for example, is widely spoken as a second language in Northern Luzon. The Cebuano is considered the lingua franca of Visayas and Mindanao.

Filipino, the national language, as of 2008 is heavily based on Tagalog with only minor contributions from other languages, such as Spanish and English. The language is evolving, however, and is assimilating terminologies from various sources both national and foreign. For instance, terms used only by, say, the Bisaya (from southern Bicol, the Visayas island group, and north Mindanao) which were not generally used 20 years ago have now become part of the everyday Filipino lexicon.

Other major languages of the country include Ilokano (also spelled Illocano or Ilocano), Hiligaynon, Waray, Kapampangan, Bikol, Pangasinan, Tausug, Maguindanao, Maranao, Chabacano, Kinaray-a, kan-kan-a-ey| benguet, Chavacano, and many others.

[edit] Diaspora

Main article: Overseas Filipino

the second largest Asian American group in the United States. They also form significant minorities in Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, Israel, Hong Kong, Spain, France, and even Ireland.

Filipinos remain one of the largest immigrant group to date with 80,000 people migrating per About 75% consist of family sponsorship or immediate relatives of American citizens while the remainder is employment-oriented. A majority of this number prefer to live in California, followed by Hawaii , Illinois, New York, New Jersey, Washington, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Colorado, Nevada, Alaska, Maryland and Virginia. Tagalog, on which Filipino is primarily based, is the 10th most common language spoken by Americans at home.

There is also a significant population of Filipinos in Canada, mostly belonging to Filipino ancestry^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] Filipinos in Oceania

Filipinos have been settled in the islands of Oceania, particularly in Micronesia. Also, the vast majority of Filipino exiled patriots were sent to Oceania. As a result, they now form the largest ethnic group in the Northern Marianas Islands, as well as the second largest in both Palau and Guam. To this day, about five in ten Northern Marianas islanders have a direct Filipino ancestor.

There is also a sizeable Filipino minority in Australia, primarily settling in Sydney and New South Wales. They form roughly 1% of the Australian population, although this proportion is highly debated because of the number of Filipinos indicating Spanish as their ancestry^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: People of the Philippines

• Tagalog
• Filipino mestizo
• Chinese Filipino
• Filipinos of Japanese descent
• Spanish settlement in the Philippines
• South Asians in the Philippines
• Bangsamoro
• Ibanag people

• Overseas Filipino
  • Filipino American
  • Filipino Mexican
  • Filipino Australian
  • Filipino British
  • Filipino Canadian
  • Filipinos in Hong Kong
• Philippine nationality law
• Pinoy
• Women in the Philippines

[edit] References

• Peter Bellwood (July 1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages". Scientific American 265: 88–93. 
• Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James; & Tryon, Darrell (1995). The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives. Department of Anthropology, Australian National University. ISBN 0-7315-2132-3. 
• Peter Bellwood (1998). "Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples". Review of Archaeology 18: 39–48. 
• Peter Bellwood & Alicia Sanchez-Mazas (June 2005). "Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence". Current Anthropology 46 (3): 480–485. 
• David Blundell. "Austronesian Disperal". Newsletter of Chinese Ethnology 35: 1–26. 
• Robert Blust (1985). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective". Asian Perspectives 20: 46–67. 
• Peter Fuller (2002). "Asia Pacific Research". Reading the Full Picture. Canberra, Australia: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Retrieved on July 28, 2005.
• "Homepage of linguist Dr. Lawrence Reid". Retrieved on July 28, 2005.
• Malcolm Ross & Andrew Pawley (1993). "Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history". Annual Review of Anthropology 22: 425–459. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.002233. 
• John Edward Terrell (Dec. 2004). "Introduction: 'Austronesia' and the great Austronesian migration". World Archaeology 36 (4): 586–591. 
• Zaide, Sonia M. (1999). The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All-Nations Publishing. http://books.google.com/books?id=otdEGQAACAAJ. 
• ^a ARE - Jose N. Franco Jr (28 April 2007), "Jan-Feb 2007 remittances by Filipinos in Dubai grow 96pc", Khaleej Tomes, http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/business/2007/April/business_April715.xml&section=business, retrieved on 9 May 2007 .
• ^a AUS - "Year Book Australia, 2007 Contents >> Population >> Country of birth". Australia Bureau of Statistics (2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-08..
• ^a CAN - "Population by Ethnic Origin". Asia pacific foundation of Canada. Retrieved on 2007-05-08..
• ^a GWM - "Country Profile: Guam - People". CIA Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-05-12..
• ^a HKG - "Hong Kong Yearbook 2005 - population". Central Statistics Office (2005). Retrieved on 2007-04-12.
• ^a IRL - "Principal Stastics of Ireland by nationality". Retrieved on 2007-04-12.
• ^a ITA - Lawrence Casiraya. "Microsoft training centers cater to 200,000 OFWs in Italy". Inquirer.net. Retrieved on 2007-08-14..
• ^a JPN - "Undocumented Filipinos cross the great divide in Japan", Philippines Today, http://www.philippinestoday.net/index.php?module=article&view=132, retrieved on 9 May 2007 .
• ^a LBN - Maila Ager (August 3, 2006), "'Standby fund’ for OFWS in Lebanon gets House committee nod", Philippine Daily Inquirer, http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=13250, retrieved on 9 May 2007 .
• ^a NZL - "QuickStats About Culture and Identity", Statistics New Zealand Tatauranga Aoteroa, August 3, 2006, http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master, retrieved on 12 May 2007 .
• ^a ROK - "Secretary Albert Assures Filipinos in Korea of Continued Government Protection for Their Interests", Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs, August 3, 2006, http://www.dfa.gov.ph/news/pr/pr2004/may/pr341.htm, retrieved on 12 May 2007 .
• ^a SAU - "International Religious Freedom Report 2005 - Saudi Arabia". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State (2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-09..
• ^a TWN - Alien Workers in Taiwan-Fukien Area by Industry and Nationality (JPG and PDF format), 2006 February, CLA, Taiwan.^{[dead link]}
• USA
  • ^a1 "Selected Population Profile in the United States - Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination". U.S. Census Bureau (2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-09. "Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination: 2,807,731".
  • ^b1 "Background Note: Philippines". U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (May 2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-02. "There are an estimated four million Americans of Philippine ancestry in the United States, and more than 250,000 American citizens in the Philippines."

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