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A hoax is a deliberate attempt to dupe, deceive or trick an audience into believing, or accepting, that something is real, when in fact it is not; or that something is true, when in fact it is false. In an instance of a hoax, an object, or event, is not what it appears to be, or what it is claimed to be - for example, "snake oil," which was sold by 19th century traveling salesman in the United States as a cure-all. It differs from magic in that the audience is unaware of being deceived - whereas in watching a magician perform a magical act, the audience expects to be tricked.

It is possible to perpetrate a hoax by making only true statements using unfamiliar wording or context (see Dihydrogen monoxide hoax). Unlike a fraud or con (which is usually aimed at a single victim and are made for illicit financial or material gain), a hoax is often perpetrated as a practical joke, to cause embarrassment, or to provoke social change by making people aware of something. Many hoaxes are motivated by a desire to satirize or educate by exposing the credulity of the public and the media or the absurdity of the target. For instance, the hoaxes of James Randi poke fun at believers in the paranormal and alternative medicine. The many hoaxes of Alan Abel and Joey Skaggs satirize people's willingness to believe the media. Political hoaxes are sometimes motivated by the desire to ridicule or besmirch opposing politicians or political institutions, often before elections. Journalistic scandals overlap with hoaxes to some extent.

Some governments have been known to perpetrate hoaxes to assist them with unpopular aims such as going to war (e.g., the Ems Telegram). In fact, there is often a mixture of outright hoax, and suppression and management of information to give the desired impression. In wartime, rumours abound; some may be deliberate hoaxes.

The word hoax is said to have come from the common magic incantation hocus pocus.^[1] "Hocus pocus", in turn, is commonly believed to be a distortion of "hoc est corpus" ("this is the body") from the Latin Mass.

Contents 1 Character of hoaxes 2 Hoax traditions 3 Email hoax 4 Other hoaxes 4.1 Pre-19th century 4.2 19th century 4.3 20th century 4.4 21st century 4.5 April Fool's Day 5 Famous musical hoaxes 6 Other musical hoaxes 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links

[edit] Character of hoaxes

Hoaxes are not always created, initiated or sourced the same way. Examples:

• Hoax by tradition (see below)
• Hoax by design (such as in war)
• Hoax originating in legitimate non-hoax use (see email hoax below)
• Hoax by scare tactics (virus hoaxes)
• Urban legend

This is by no means a complete list; but the import is to show that hoaxes take many forms. The main characteristic of hoaxes is presenting the information or media as something real or believable to human understanding but is in fact false. Whether there is intent to deceive is not part of the hoax characteristics, as hoaxes are known both with and without it.

[edit] Hoax traditions

During certain events and at particular times of year, hoaxes are perpetrated by many people and groups. The most famous of these is certainly April Fool's Day, which is open season for pranks and dubious announcements.

A New Zealand tradition is the capping stunt, wherein university students perpetrate a hoax upon an unsuspecting population. The acts are traditionally executed near graduation (the "capping").

Many Spanish-speaking countries have Innocent's Day, on December 28, to make "innocent" a person with jokes and hoaxes. The origin for the pranking is derived from the Catholic feast day Day of the Holy Innocents for the infants slaughtered by King Herod at the time of Jesus' birth.

[edit] Email hoax

See also: E-mail spoofing

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An example email hoax is a doctored image distributed via chain emails.

In 2001 an image, purporting to be the "National Geographic Photo of the Year" and depicting a shark leaping from the sea to attack a helicopter crew member, was widely distributed by email, prompting the magazine to publish an article uncovering the hoax.^[2] As the article revealed, the image had been composited from two photographs taken in entirely different locations.

[edit] Other hoaxes

[edit] Pre-19th century

• The Pseudo-Isidore Decretals, a set of forgeries establishing false precedents in canon law. Includes The Donation of Constantine the Great, a document in which the Roman emperor Constantine I grants authority over certain lands to Pope Sylvester I and successors.
• Wolfgang von Kempelen‘s construction of the chess-playing Mechanical Turk in 1770.

[edit] 19th century

• The Great Moon Hoax of 1835, which helped to establish the market position of the New York Sun.
• The Cardiff Giant of 1869, which was created and "discovered", reputedly after an argument^{[citation needed]} about the reality of giants.
• In what became known as the Berners Street Hoax in 1810, Theodore Hook tricked hundreds of people into showing up at a random address in Central London.
• The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (Russian: "Протоколы сионских мудрецов", or "Сионские протоколы") is an antisemitic literary forgery that purports to describe a Jewish plot to achieve world domination.
• American con artist George C. Parker made his living repeatedly selling public monuments in New York City.

[edit] 20th century

• The sale of the Eiffel Tower for scrap, an elaborate scam run twice by the master con artist Victor Lustig.
• Orson Welles' Mercury Theatre radio broadcast on October 30, 1938, entitled "The War of the Worlds" has been called the "single greatest media hoax of all time", although it was not — Welles said — intended to be a hoax. The broadcast was heard on CBS radio stations throughout the United States. Despite repeated announcements within the program that it was a work of fiction, many listeners tuning in during the program believed that the world was being attacked by invaders from Mars. (Rumors claim some even committed suicide.) Rebroadcasts in South America also had this effect even to a greater extent.^[3]
• The 1934 "Surgeon's Photograph" of the Loch Ness monster, claimed some sixty years later to have been a plastic head and neck mounted to a toy submarine.
• The Bathtub hoax, perpetrated by American journalist and satirist H. L. Mencken in 1918, which was cited as factual even after the hoax had been revealed by the author.
• Jorge Luis Borges published "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote", a fantastic short story about an author who rewrites Don Quixote word by word, as a real biographical note in the Argentinian magazine Sur.
• The Sokal hoax was a fake paper published in the journal Social Text, which was intended to reveal the uncritical misuse of scientific terms and ignorance of science in the field of postmodern cultural studies. It is recounted in Beyond the Hoax‎ and Fashionable Nonsense.
• The Zinoviev Letter, said to have been concocted by British intelligence and printed by the Daily Mail to swing the outcome of a general election by claiming a Soviet revolution was about to occur in the UK. The hoax was successful in that a Conservative government was elected.
• The Piltdown Man fraud caused some embarrassment to the field of paleontology when apparently ancient hominid remains discovered in England in 1912 were revealed as a hoax some 41 years later.
• In 1970, Clifford Irving and Richard Suskind contrived to write an autobiography of reclusive billionaire Howard Hughes, believing Hughes would not come out of hiding to denounce it. Irving sent a manuscript to his publisher McGraw-Hill in late 1971. Authentication tests and Hughes's initial silence led some to believe the manuscript was genuine, but Hughes eventually gave a teleconference denying both participation in the book and knowledge of Irving. Weeks later, Irving confessed to the hoax and was later convicted of fraud. He served 17 months of a two and a half year prison sentence. Suskind, sentenced to six months, served five.
• The Hitler Diaries, 1983 forgeries published by the Sunday Times.
• The Cottingley Fairies, a series of trick photographs taken by two young British girls from 1917 to 1920.
• The alien autopsy film, supposedly footage of the examination of an extraterrestrial being which had purportedly died in the Roswell UFO incident. The film, presented by Ray Santilli in 1995, was later revealed^{[citation needed][who?]} to have been faked by Santilli and Gary Shoefield.
• In the late 1970s and early 1980s, photographer Robert B. Stein created convincing UFO photographs using only a Kodak Pocket InstaMatic camera and throwable discs, and claimed to be a contactee. His pictures appeared in many publications devoted to the paranormal. In 1985, he revealed how it was done.
• Rosie Ruiz finished first in the women's division of the 1980 Boston Marathon by riding the subway to a point near the finish line and jumping back into the race. Her marathon title was revoked when the hoax was discovered.
• In the 1970s the Philippine government announced the discovery of the Tasaday a supposedly uncontacted stone-age tribe. Revealed to the world in a cover story in National Geographic, much controversy has ensued as to whether the tribe is real, a hoax or something in between.
• Our First Time, possibly one of the first major internet hoaxes, although some characterized it as a botched scam.
• The story of a Priory of Sion (French: Prieuré de Sion) was fabricated^{[citation needed]} in the 1960s by a French con artist, Pierre Plantard, as a secret society sworn to install the Merovingian dynasty on the throne of France; Plantard hoped to be perceived as the "Grand Monarch" prophesied by Nostradamus. False documents created as part of the hoax have been cited by others and represented as reliable evidence for non-fiction bestsellers including ^[vague] The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail,^{[citation needed]} or woven into novels such as ^[vague] Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] 21st century

• Bonsai Kitten, an Internet hoax consisting of a fictional domain of a company that sold kittens inside jars as ornaments.
• In 2006, A. N. Wilson was the victim of a hoax when he included a love letter by Sir John Betjeman in his biography of the poet. It turned out to be a fake letter with an acrostic that said "AN Wilson is a shit".^[4][5]
• De Grote Donorshow, a hoax reality television program which was broadcast in the Netherlands on Friday, June 1, 2007 by BNN. The program involved a supposedly terminally ill 37-year-old woman donating a kidney to one of three people requiring a kidney transplantation. Viewers were able to send advice on who they think she should choose to give her kidney to via text messages. 50 000 people subsequently requested an organ donor form.
• "Cancer update from John Hopkins Hospital". Johns Hopkins internet hoaxes are numerous. One example - CANCER UPDATE FROM JOHN HOPKINS HOSPITAL - US, PLEASE READ - relates to cancer spread and treatment and contains some false and misleading information.^[6] One immediately noticeable cue to its falsehood is that the original spells Johns Hopkins as "John", which is a subtle enough difference to fool unwitting recipients. Johns Hopkins has denied any connection with the email hoax.^[7] The hoax can still be found on many alternative medicine health websites and in related newsgroups.

[edit] April Fool's Day

• The April 1, 1985, issue of Sports Illustrated featured "The Curious Case of Sidd Finch" by George Plimpton. The article was about an eccentric pitcher said to be a prospect for the New York Mets who could throw a baseball 168 miles per hour. The hoax was perpetrated with the knowledge of the magazine and of the baseball team. Plimpton later reworked the material into a novel.

[edit] Famous musical hoaxes

Main article: Musical hoax

[edit] Other musical hoaxes

• Recordings by the pianist Joyce Hatto
• The voices of Milli Vanilli
• The "supergroup" The Masked Marauders

[edit] See also

Conspiracy theory Counterfeit Dihydrogen monoxide hoax Famous April Fool's Day jokes Fictitious entry Forgery

Impostors List of hoaxes Pseudoscience Scam Religious deception

Simulated reality Urban legend Virus hoax Website spoofing

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] References

• Curtis Peebles (1994). Watch the Skies: A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth, Smithsonian Institution, ISBN 1-56098-343-4.

[edit] External links

Look up Hoax in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• The Museum of Hoaxes
• The Culture Jammer’s Encyclopedia
• Virus Hoax Busters
• Snopes - Urban Legends Reference Pages
• Hoax.it - A site about Hoax, Urban Legends, this italian site is about Hoax and Humanitarian Appeals, Information Security, Phishing, Frauds and News
• "Longitude forged": an essay exposing a hoax solution to the problem of calculating longitude, undetected in Dava Sobel's Longitude, from TLS, November 12, 2008.

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