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ITT Corporation

Type	Public (NYSE: ITT)
Founded	1920[1]
Headquarters	White Plains, New York, USA
Key people	Steve Loranger, CEO
Industry	Diversified Manufacturer
Revenue	▲US$ 9.0 billion (2007)[2]
Net income	▲US$ 742 million (2007)[2]
Employees	39,700 (2008)[2]
Website	www.itt.com

ITT Corporation (NYSE: ITT) is a global diversified manufacturing company with 2007 revenues of $9.0 billion. ITT participates in global markets including water and fluids management, defense and security, and motion and flow control.

ITT's water business is the world's largest supplier of pumps and systems to transport, treat and control water and other fluids. The company's defense electronics and services business is one of the ten largest U.S. defense contractors providing defense and security systems, advanced technologies and operational services for military and civilian customers. ITT's motion and flow control business manufactures specialty components for aerospace, transportation and industrial markets.

The "mother company" was founded in 1920 as International Telephone & Telegraph. During the 1960s and 1970s, under the leadership of then-CEO Harold Geneen the company rose to prominence as the archetypal conglomerate, deriving its growth from hundreds of acquisitions in diversified industries. Subsequently, according to Naomi Klein's The Shock Doctrine, it was involved in operations in Pinochet's corporatist coup d'état in Chile. ITT divested its telecommunications assets in 1986, and in 1995 spun-off its non-manufacturing divisions, later to be purchased by Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide.

Between 1996 and 2006, the current company was known as ITT Industries, Inc.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Alleged Nazi involvement 1.2 Post-war 1.3 International telecommunications 1.4 Harold Geneen appointment 1.5 Involvement in 1973 Pinochet coup in Chile 1.6 Breakup 1.7 Criminal prosecution 1.8 Purchase of International Motion Control (IMC) 1.9 Purchase of EDO 2 Headquarters 3 Further reading 4 External links 5 References

[edit] History

ITT was formed in 1920, spawned from the Puerto Rico Telephone Company co-founded by Sosthenes Behn.^[3] Its first major expansion was in 1923 when it consolidated the Spanish Telecoms market into what is now Telefónica.^[4] From 1922 to 1925 it purchased a number of European telephone companies. In 1925 it purchased Bell Telephone Manufacturing company in Belgium, which was formerly affiliated with AT&T, and manufactured the Rotary system. In the 1930s, ITT grew through purchasing German electronic companies Standard Elektrizitaetsgesellschaft and Mix & Genest, both of which were internationally active companies.

[edit] Alleged Nazi involvement

According to Anthony Sampson's book "The Sovereign State of ITT," one of the first American businessmen Hitler received after taking power in 1933 was Sosthenes Behn, then the CEO of ITT and his German representative, Henry Mann. Antony C. Sutton, in his book "Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler", makes the claim that ITT subsidiaries made cash payments to S.S. leader Heinrich Himmler.

ITT, through its subsidiary The Lorenz Company, owned 25% of Focke-Wulf, the German aircraft manufacturer, builder of some of the most successful Luftwaffe fighter aircraft. In addition, Sutton’s book uncovers that ITT owned Huth and Company, G.m.b.H. of Berlin, which made radio and radar parts that were used in equipment going to the German Armed Forces.

[edit] Post-war

In 1951, ITT purchased Philo Farnsworth's television company to break into the market. At that time Farnsworth was also developing the Fusor. Also in 1951, ITT bought a majority interest in the Kellogg Switchboard & Supply company (founded in 1897 as a pioneer in "divided-multiple" telephone switchboards) and bought the remaining shares the next year. ITT changed the name to ITT Kellogg. After merging Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation into ITT Kellogg and combining manufacturing operations the name was changed again to ITT Telecommunications.

[edit] International telecommunications

International telecommunications manufacturing subsidiaries included STC in Britain, SEL in Germany, BTM in Belgium, and CGCT and LMT in France. Alec Reeves invented Pulse-code modulation (PCM), upon which all future digital voice communication was based. These companies manufactured equipment according to ITT designs including the (1960s) Pentaconta crossbar switch and (1970s) Metaconta D, L and 10c Stored Program Control exchanges, mostly for sale to their respective national telephone administrations. This equipment was also produced under license in Poznan (Poland), in Yugoslavia, and elsewhere. ITT was the largest owner of the LM Ericsson company in Sweden but sold out in 1960.

[edit] Harold Geneen appointment

In 1959 Harold Geneen was elected as CEO. Using leveraged buyouts, he turned the minor building of the 1950s into a major force during the 1960s. In 1963, ITT attempted to purchase the television network ABC for $700 million. The deal was halted by federal antitrust regulators who feared ITT was growing too large. In order to continue growing while not running afoul of antitrust legislation, it moved to acquire companies outside of the telecommunications industry. Under Geneen, ITT bought over 300 companies in the 1960s, including some hostile takeovers. The deals included well-known businesses like the Sheraton Hotel chain, Wonder Bread maker Continental Baking, The Hartford insurance company, and Avis Rent-a-Car. ITT also absorbed smaller operations in auto parts, energy, books, semiconductors and cosmetics. In 1966, ITT acquired Educational Services, Inc., an operator of for-profit schools, which became ITT/ESI.

ITT's sales grew from about $700 million in 1960 to about $8 billion in 1970, and its profit from $29 million to $550 million. However, when the higher interest rates started eating away at profits in the late 1960s, ITT's growth slowed considerably.

In the late 1960s, the British electronics manufacturer Kolster-Brandes, KB for short, had run into trouble with its color television manufacturing, and turned to ITT for help; ITT bought out the company, and for a while, U.K. products were badged "ITT KB" then eventually just ITT. By the late 1970s, ITT had a good presence on the U.K. domestic electrical market in television, audio and portable radio products.

[edit] Involvement in 1973 Pinochet coup in Chile

In 1970 ITT owned of 70% of Chitelco, the Chilean Telephone Company and funded El Mercurio, a Chilean right-wing newspaper. Declassified documents released by the CIA in 2000 suggest that ITT financially helped opponents of Salvador Allende's government prepare a military coup^{[citation needed]}.^[5] On September 28, 1973, ITT's headquarters in New York City, New York, was bombed by protesters for alleged involvement in the overthrow of the democratically elected and emerging socialist government in Chile^{[citation needed]}.

In 1972 newspaper columnist Jack Anderson disclosed a memo of ITT's Washington lobbyist, Dita Beard, which revealed a relationship between ITT's providing funds for the Republican National Convention and a Justice Department settlement of an antitrust suit favorable to ITT.^[6]

Geneen remained CEO of ITT until 1977 while many conglomerates had removed their CEOs due to lack of profits. His successor, Rand Araskog, dismantled much of ITT, selling most of its holdings, including the last of ITT's telecommunications businesses.^{[citation needed]}

The business historian Robert Sobel published ITT: The Management of Opportunity in 1982.

The song "International Thief Thief" by Fela Kuti documents the alleged corruption and meddling of the company in Nigerian politics.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Breakup

In 1989, ITT sold all international telecommunications products business to Alcatel, now Alcatel-Lucent. ITT Kellogg was also part of the 1989 sale to Alcatel. The company was then sold to private investors in the U.S. and went by the name Cortelco Kellogg. Today the company is known as Cortelco (Corinth Telecommunications Corporation, named for Corinth, MS headquarters). ITT Educational Services, Inc. (ESI) was spun off through an IPO in 1994, with ITT as an 83% shareholder. ITT merged its long distance division with Metromedia Long Distance, creating Metromedia-ITT. Metromedia-ITT would eventually be acquired by Long Distance Discount Services, Inc. (LDDS) in 1993. LDDS would later change its name to Worldcom in 1995.

In 1995, ITT Corporation split into 3 separate public companies:

• ITT Corp. — In 1997, ITT Corp. completed a merger with Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, selling off its non-hotel and resorts business. By 1999, ITT completely divested from ITT/ESI; however, the schools still operate as ITT Technical Institute using the ITT name under license.[1] Also in 1999, ITT Corp. dropped the ITT name in favor of Starwood.[2]
• ITT Hartford (insurance) — Today ITT Hartford is still a major insurance company although it has dropped the ITT from its name altogether. The company is now known as The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc.
• ITT Industries — ITT operated under this name until 2006 and is a major manufacturing and defense contractor business.
  • On July 1, 2006, ITT Industries changed its name to ITT Corporation as a result of its shareholders vote on May 9, 2006.

[edit] Criminal prosecution

In March 2007, ITT Corporation became the first major defense contractor to be convicted for criminal violation of the Arms Export Control Act. The fines resulted from ITT's outsourcing program, in which they transferred night vision goggles and classified information about countermeasures against laser weapons, including light interference filters to engineers in Singapore, the People's Republic of China, and the United Kingdom. ^[7] They were fined $100 million US dollars, although they were also given the option of spending half of that sum on research and development of new night vision technology. The United States government will assume rights to the resulting created intellectual property. ^[8]

In its investigation and subsequent ruling the DOJ found that the corporation went to significant lengths to circumvent rules regarding the exports including setting up a front corporation. According to U.S. Attorney John Brownlee the company fought the investigation in order "to essentially run out the clock on the statute of limitations." ^[9]

[edit] Purchase of International Motion Control (IMC)

An agreement was reached in June 26, 2007 for ITT to acquire privately held International Motion Control (IMC) for $395 million. The deal was closed and finalized in September 2007.

[edit] Purchase of EDO

An agreement was reached September 18, 2007 for ITT to buy EDO Corporation for $1.7 billion.^[10] After EDO shareholders' approval, the deal was closed and finalized on December 20, 2007.

[edit] Headquarters

• 1330 Avenue of the Americas in New York City, New York, which was ITT's corporate headquarters prior to its merger with Starwood Hotels & Resorts, was originally owned by the ABC Television Network which ITT attempted to acquire in 1963. After a financial downturn, ABC moved out of the building traditionally known as "Brown Rock" and sold it to a Japanese conglomerate which then in turn leased a good portion out to ITT Corporation.

[edit] Further reading

• Sobel, Robert (1982). ITT: The Management of Opportunity. New York: Times Books. ISBN 99925-2-968-7. 
• Sobel, Robert (1999). The Rise and Fall of the Conglomerate Kings. New York: Beard Books. ISBN 1-89312-247-6. 
• Sampson, Anthony (1972). The Sovereign State: The Secret History of ITT. London: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-17195-2. 
• Sutton, Antony (1996). Wall Street & the Rise of Hitler. New York: Buccaneer Books. ISBN 1-56849-726-1. 
• Araskog, Rand (2000). The ITT Wars: An Insider's View of Hostile Takeovers. New York: Beard Books. ISBN 1-89312-238-7. 
• Klein, Naomi (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Caitalism. New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-3-10-039611-2. 

[edit] External links

• ITT Corporation
• Cortelco
• Antony C. Sutton book Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler Chapter 5
• Nazi Involvement

[edit] References

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